Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA): A Cause of Blindness in Dogs

This pet health content was written by a veterinarian, Dr. Pippa Elliott, BVMS, MRCVS. This article was originally published in 2012 and is regularly updated. It was last reviewed for accuracy and updated on September 3, 2024

If you have questions or concerns, call your vet, who is best equipped to ensure the health and well-being of your pet. This article is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. See additional information.

Popular Dog Breeds at Risk of Early Blindness

Could your favorite dog breed be at risk of early blindness? More than 100 dog breeds carry an increased risk of progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), which could lead to premature blindness in your dream pup. So, is your favorite breed on the list? Some of these at-risk breeds are hugely popular: American Cocker Spaniel Chesapeake Bay Retriever Dachshund English Springer Spaniel Golden Retriever Labrador Retriever Norwegian Elkhound Irish Setter Poodle (Miniature and Toy)

What Is Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA)?

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is a hereditary condition in dogs that leads to gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. Here's a quick breakdown: Progressive: The condition worsens over time.

• Retinal: Affects the retina, the light-sensitive part of the eye.
• Atrophy: Involves the wasting away or loss of retinal function.

This condition starts with poor vision and can progress to complete blindness. PRA is caused by a genetic mutation passed from parent to puppy.

• Some dogs with this mutation will lose their eyesight.
• Others may be carriers, showing no symptoms but passing the gene to their offspring.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy: Why It Matters to You

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is not a rare condition, making it a significant concern for dog owners and breeders.

• High Prevalence: In some breeds, 1 in 5 puppies carries the gene for PRA. For Labrador Retrievers, it's as high as 1 in 6.
• Breeds at Risk: Breeds like Poodles, Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers, and American Cocker Spaniels are among those with a higher risk.
• Awareness for All: Whether you own a purebred dog, are considering getting one, or are involved in breeding, it's crucial to be aware of PRA.

The solution is straightforward: breeders should test their breeding stock, and potential buyers should avoid purchasing puppies from untested parents. This could significantly reduce the occurrence of PRA within a few generations. Learn more about why you should refuse to buy puppies from untested parents here.

No Treatment, No Cure

There is no treatment or cure for progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in dogs. However, spotting the early signs can help you support your dog as they adapt to their changing vision.

Signs That Your Dog May Have PRA

Progressive retinal atrophy causes a gradual loss of vision in dogs. Here are key signs to watch for:

• Night Blindness: The dog becomes spooked in the dark, refuses to move, and is more clumsy in low light than during the day.
• Subtle Changes: Bumping into objects, tripping on curbs, or being hesitant on a new walk. Behavioral changes might include being easily startled, acting oddly around other dogs, or struggling to chase a ball.
• Dilated Pupils: The pupil may stay large even in bright light, allowing you to see thin blood vessels in the back of the eye.
• Cataracts: In advanced stages, the lens may develop cataracts, giving the eye a blue or milky appearance.
• Summary of Symptoms:
• Loss of confidence at night
• Reluctance to walk
• Bumping into things
• Dilated pupils in bright light
• Odd behavior around other dogs
• Easily surprised

How Old Are Dogs Usually When They Develop PRA?

Determining the age at which dogs develop Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) can be challenging due to the variety of genetic mutations that cause this condition. The onset of PRA varies based on the specific mutation present in the dog.

• Irish Setters: May experience night blindness as early as 3 weeks of age, with full blindness occurring by their first birthday.
• Miniature Schnauzers: Typically, PRA is detectable at around 1 year old, but it may take another 3–5 years to progress to complete blindness.

In general, PRA affects young to middle-aged dogs, making it a concern beyond just senior dog health. For more information on senior dog health needs, you can read more here.

Is PRA Painful for Dogs?

No, Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is not a painful condition. Unlike conditions such as arthritis, which are painful due to inflammation or degeneration, PRA involves the degeneration of light-sensitive rods and cones without causing pain. For more on treating arthritis in dogs, visit the guide on treating arthritis in dogs.

How Is PRA Diagnosed in Dogs?

PRA is diagnosed through a detailed examination of the retina. Here’s how it’s typically done:

• Ophthalmoscope Examination: A veterinarian uses an ophthalmoscope to check for signs like retinal thinning or abnormal blood vessels.
• Referral to a Specialist: If needed, your vet may suggest a referral to a veterinary ophthalmologist for a more in-depth examination. Learn more about the importance of seeing a veterinary ophthalmologist.
• Electroretinography: If a cataract is present, electroretinography may be used to evaluate the retina’s function, helping to decide if cataract surgery is appropriate.

Is There a Treatment for PRA in a Dog?

Unfortunately, there is currently no treatment for Progressive Retinal Atrophy. However, getting a firm diagnosis is crucial because:

• High Blood Pressure: Conditions such as high blood pressure, which can lead to vision loss, may be reversible. For more on managing high blood pressure in dogs, see this resource on high blood pressure.
• Other Conditions: Some conditions causing blindness, like cataracts, can be treated with surgery.

How Can You Help a Dog With Progressive Retinal Atrophy?

When you notice that your dog’s eyesight is failing due to Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA), there are several ways you can help them adjust and prepare for blindness:

• Retrain to Voice Signals: Start using voice commands instead of hand signals to guide your dog. This will help them navigate their environment more safely. Learn more about how to teach your dog hand signals.
• Encourage Use of Other Senses: Help your dog adapt by enhancing their other senses:
• Outdoor Safety: When out and about, keep your dog on a long leash. This allows them some freedom while ensuring their safety.

Additional tips for helping a dog with PRA include:

• Speak Before Touching: Always speak to your dog when you enter the room or before touching them. This helps prevent startling them, which could lead to snappy behavior due to fear.
• Use Noise-Making Toys: Choose dog toys that make noise to help your dog locate and play with them. Consider durable options like those in this guide to indestructible dog toys.
• Maintain a Familiar Layout: Avoid rearranging furniture and keep your home tidy. A blind dog will rely on a consistent layout to navigate their environment without bumping into or tripping over unexpected objects.

In this quick video, Dr. Eric Ledbetter, DVM, DACVO, discusses the importance of eye screening exams:

Thinking of Breeding? Get Your Dog Tested

Being a responsible breeder means ensuring that any dog used for breeding—whether male or female—undergoes proper screening for Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA).

• Early Detection: PRA signs might not be visible in young dogs. Just because a dog appears healthy doesn’t mean they are free from the PRA gene.
• Genetic Testing: Check out resources like DogWellNet for available genetic tests. In the United Kingdom, various screening eye exams are recommended before mating.

Buying a Purebred Puppy? Do Your Research

If you’re considering buying a purebred puppy, it's crucial to research whether the breed is at increased risk for PRA:

• Ask for Proof: Request to see the breeder’s certificate confirming that both parents have been screened and are clear of PRA.
• Avoid Unverified Breeders: If the breeder doesn’t have the necessary paperwork, walk away. Don’t accept vague assurances about the breed's history or show status—without proper screening, there’s no guarantee.

Breeding from animals that are verified clear of PRA is essential to eliminate this condition. Breeders operate on supply and demand; without demand for tested animals, they may skip screening to maximize profit. By insisting on testing, you can help reduce the prevalence of PRA in future generations.

Whatever your favorite breed, asking the right questions can help promote the long-term health of the breed and ensure you’re supporting responsible breeding practices.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

References

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• Gelatt, Kirk N., VMD, DACVO. "Disorders of the Retina, Choroid and Optic Disk (Ocular Fundus) in Dogs." Merck Veterinary Manual. June 2018. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/dog-owners/eye-disorders-of-dogs/disorders-of-the-retina,-choroid,-and-optic-disk-ocular-fundus-in-dogs.
• Llera, Ryan, DVM and Cheryl Yuill, DVM, CVH. "Progressive Retinal Atrophy in Dogs." VCA Hospitals. 2019.
• Haeussler, DJ Jr., DVM, DACVO. "Performing Direct Ophthalmoscopy." Clinician's Brief. September 2018. https://www.cliniciansbrief.com/article/performing-direct-ophthalmoscopy.
• Sisler, Steve, DVM, DACVO. "Retinal Diseases: Dusting Off the Ophthalmoscope (Proceedings)." dvm360. Aug. 1, 2008. https://www.dvm360.com/view/retinal-diseases-dusting-ophthalmoscope-proceedings.
• La Croix, Noelle, DVM, DACVO. "Ophthalmoscopy." Veterinary Medical Center of Long Island. Nov. 14, 2018. https://vmcli.com/ophthalmoscopy/.
• Liapis, Ignatios C., DVM. "Electroretinography in Small Animal Practice." World Small Animal Veterinary Association (Proceedings)." October 2004. https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11181&meta=generic&catId=30092&id=3852272&ind=325&objTypeID=17.
• Komáromy, Andras M. et al. "Electroretinography in Dogs and Cats, Part II: Technique, Interpretation and Indications." Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 20, no. 3 (March 1998): 355-366, 399. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.913.6489&rep=rep1&type=pdf.