Obese Dogs: Understanding and Managing Them

This article on obesity in dogs and cats was written by veterinarians, Dr. Debora Lichtenberg, VMD, Dr. Pippa Elliott, BVMS, MRCVS, and Dr. Phil Zeltzman, DVM, DACVS, CVJ. As the author of the 2011 book Walk a Hound, Lose a Pound, Dr. Zeltzman has specific expertise in the area of pet obesity. This article was originally published in 2013 and is regularly updated. It was last reviewed for accuracy and updated May 15, 2024

If you have questions or concerns, call your vet, who is best equipped to ensure the health and well-being of your pet. This article is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. See additional information.

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Overview of the Obese Dog Crisis

Dog Obesity is a growing concern, with a significant number of dogs being classified as obese or overweight. This issue poses various health risks and affects the quality of life for our canine companions. An obese dog is more susceptible to serious health problems such as diabetes, osteoarthritis, and cardiovascular issues.

Breeds like the Dachshund are especially vulnerable, often leading to conditions like intervertebral disk disease (IVDD). Understanding the causes, risks, and effective management strategies is crucial in addressing this epidemic. Whether dealing with a morbidly obese dog or simply a fat, obese dog, pet owners must take proactive steps to ensure their pets lead healthy, active lives.

This normalization of obesity, often referred to as the “fat gap,” means that many people don’t recognize the potentially life-threatening health consequences that come with their pet being overweight, such as:

• Diabetes
• Arthritis
• High blood pressure
• Heart disease
• Tumors

For information on obesity in cats, you can read our comprehensive article “Understanding The Obese Cat: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions”

Understanding Obesity in Dogs

Overfeeding

Our pets are overweight, and many of us are as well. In fact, 71.6% of American adults are overweight or obese.

“It’s likely that pet parents feel guilty about eating when their pet isn’t, so they reward their dog or cat with unearned and unnecessary treats. This habitual behavior often leads to an overweight pet,” explains Stanley Coren, PhD, DSc, FRSC, an expert in canine psychology.

Lack of Exercise

In addition to overfeeding, a significant contributing factor to pet obesity is a lack of exercise. Modern lifestyles often lead to less active pets, as many dogs and cats are confined to small living spaces and have limited opportunities for physical activity. Regular exercise is crucial for maintaining a healthy weight and overall well-being in pets. Dogs, in particular, require daily walks and playtime to burn off excess calories and stay fit.

During wellness exams with overweight pets, veterinarians take a gentle approach, understanding how pet parents relate to food for both themselves and their pets. They offer honest advice without insults, just calm truth. Encouraging pet owners to incorporate more physical activity into their pets’ routines is essential. Simple changes, like taking longer walks, playing fetch, or engaging in active play sessions, can make a significant difference in preventing and managing obesity in pets.

Health Risks Associated with Obesity in Dogs

Being overweight affects a pet’s quality of life in many ways. It can also affect lifespan. A classic study, the Purina Lifespan Study, showed that thin dogs outlive chubby dogs by an average of 1.8 years.

As you can see, looking at overweight and obesity in dogs and cats as simply a cosmetic problem is a serious misconception. There are serious, life-threatening consequences.

Poor Quality of Life — And a Shorter Life

BCS stands for body condition score, 1 being starvation and 10 being morbidly obese.

As mentioned before, the Purina Lifespan Study found that dogs with an ideal BCS lived about 1.8 years longer than their overweight counterparts. The slimmer dogs also had delayed onset of chronic disease.

Remember that ideal weight means a better and longer life.

Osteoarthritis

Leaner dogs in the lifespan study experienced later onset of arthritis and less pain and lameness than heavier dogs.

Even a small loss of body fat improved mobility and lessened lameness problems.

Intervertebral Disk Disease (IVDD)

This is a sad condition that, in the worst case, can paralyze a dog.

Any dog can suffer from disk disease, but long-backed breeds are especially susceptible, such as the Miniature Dachshund — the poster pup for IVDD.

If your Dachshund or Corgi is overweight, even just a little, the risk for a disk problem is greater. And if your dog suffers from a severe disk extrusion and undergoes surgery to correct it, understand that dogs at a healthier weight make a faster recovery.

Subclinical Conditions

Overweight dogs, like people, are more prone to inflammation in the body, high cholesterol, and high lipids — all of which can lead to pancreatitis, diabetes, gastrointestinal disease, and more.

Slimming down an obese dog can ward off chronic conditions that are often difficult to diagnose.

Breathing and Heart Problems

Obese dogs can have more trouble breathing or worsen a preexisting condition, like collapsing trachea or laryngeal paralysis.

Excess weight can also make the heart work harder, so keeping extra weight off your dog makes for a better life — and fewer vet visits.

Isn’t it more fun for you to go for a jog with your dog than to bring them in for breathing or arthritic problems?

Identifying an Obese Dog

Signs and Symptoms of Obesity in Dogs

Recognizing the signs of obesity in dogs is the first step toward managing and preventing it. Some common indicators that your dog may be overweight or obese include:

• Visible Fat Deposits: Noticeable fat accumulation, particularly around the ribs, spine, and tail base.
• Difficulty in Moving: Obese dogs may have trouble getting up, walking, or climbing stairs due to excess weight putting strain on their joints.
• Reduced Activity Levels: Overweight dogs are often less active and may tire quickly during exercise or play.
• Lack of an Obvious Waistline: When viewed from above, an obese dog may lack the defined waistline that a healthy dog should have.
• Heavy Breathing: Excess weight can make it harder for dogs to breathe, especially during physical activity.
• Frequent Panting: Overweight dogs may pant excessively even when not exercising, as their bodies struggle to cool down.

Body Condition Score (BCS)

• BCS 1-3: Underweight
  • Ribs, spine, and pelvic bones are easily visible.
  • Little to no body fat.
  • Evident muscle loss.
• BCS 4-5: Ideal Weight
  • Ribs are palpable without excess fat covering.
  • Waist is easily observed behind the ribs when viewed from above.
  • Abdomen is tucked up when viewed from the side.
• BCS 6-9: Overweight to Obese
  • Ribs are difficult to feel under a thick fat layer.
  • No waist or abdominal tuck.
  • Noticeable fat deposits over the spine, tail base, and around the neck.

Using the BCS, pet owners can regularly assess their dog’s condition and consult their veterinarian for a professional evaluation and tailored advice.

Managing and Preventing Obesity in Dogs

Dietary Adjustments

A recommended calorie intake for dogs is 30 calories for every 1 pound (ideal) body weight.

• Thus, a small Labrador Retriever needs around 980 calories a day, while that same Lab on a diet needs just 650 calories a day.

Exercise and Physical Activity

Regular exercise is essential for preventing and managing obesity in dogs. Here are some tips for increasing your dog’s activity level:

• Daily Walks: Aim for at least 30 minutes to an hour of walking each day. Adjust the duration and intensity based on your dog’s age, breed, and health status.
• Interactive Play: Engage your dog in interactive play sessions with toys such as balls, frisbees, and tug ropes. Games like fetch and tug-of-war can help burn off excess calories.
• Puzzle Feeders: Use puzzle feeders or treat-dispensing toys to make mealtime more engaging and physically stimulating. These toys encourage your dog to work for their food, promoting both mental and physical exercise.
• Agility Training: Set up a simple agility course in your backyard or join a local agility class. Activities like jumping over hurdles, weaving through poles, and running through tunnels can provide excellent exercise.
• Swimming: If your dog enjoys water, swimming is a low-impact exercise that’s easy on the joints and great for burning calories.
• Socialization and Playdates: Arrange playdates with other dogs or visit dog parks to allow your dog to socialize and play. Interaction with other dogs can increase physical activity and provide mental stimulation.

The Role of Veterinarians in Weight Management

Consulting your veterinarian is crucial for developing a successful weight management plan for your dog. Here’s how your vet can help:

• Consulting Your Vet for a Weight Loss Plan: Work with your veterinarian to create a personalized weight loss plan tailored to your dog’s specific needs. This plan may include recommendations for a balanced diet, appropriate portion sizes, and an exercise regimen.
• Regular Check-Ups: Schedule regular veterinary check-ups to monitor your dog’s progress. Your vet can track weight changes, assess body condition, and make necessary adjustments to the weight loss plan.
• Nutritional Guidance: Your vet can provide guidance on selecting the right type of food and treats for your dog. They may recommend a specialized weight management diet that ensures your dog receives essential nutrients while reducing calorie intake.
• Behavioral Support: Veterinarians can offer advice on addressing behavioral issues related to overeating and lack of exercise. They can help you understand the psychological aspects of feeding and develop strategies to modify your dog’s behavior.
• Medical Evaluation: In some cases, obesity may be linked to underlying medical conditions such as hypothyroidism or Cushing’s disease. Your vet can conduct tests to rule out these conditions and provide appropriate treatment if necessary.

Special Considerations for Specific Breeds

Obesity in Dachshunds and Other Long-Backed Breeds

Dachshunds and other long-backed breeds, such as Corgis and Basset Hounds, are particularly prone to obesity-related health problems, including Intervertebral Disk Disease (IVDD). Managing their weight is crucial to prevent these issues:

• Preventing IVDD: Maintaining an ideal weight reduces the risk of IVDD, a condition that can lead to severe pain and mobility issues. Overweight long-backed dogs are more susceptible to disk problems due to the added strain on their spines.
• Activity Adjustments: While exercise is important, it should be tailored to avoid excessive strain on the back. Low-impact activities, such as swimming or gentle walks, are beneficial.
• Dietary Management: Careful portion control and feeding a balanced diet are essential. Avoid giving high-calorie treats and ensure their meals are appropriately portioned.

Managing Obesity in Senior Dogs

Senior dogs face unique challenges when it comes to weight management:

• Reduced Metabolism: As dogs age, their metabolism slows down, making weight gain more likely. Adjusting their diet to lower calorie intake while maintaining proper nutrition is important.
• Joint Health: Older dogs are more prone to joint problems, which can be exacerbated by excess weight. Maintaining a healthy weight helps reduce the strain on their joints and improve mobility.
• Tailored Exercise: Senior dogs may not be able to handle vigorous exercise. Gentle activities like short walks, swimming, and low-impact play can keep them active without causing harm.

Final Thoughts and Next Steps

Recap of the Importance of Maintaining a Healthy Weight
Maintaining a healthy weight is vital for your dog’s overall well-being. It helps prevent serious health conditions, improves quality of life, and extends lifespan. Proper weight management involves a combination of a balanced diet, regular exercise, and routine veterinary care.

Encouragement to Seek Veterinary Advice and Support
If you suspect your dog is overweight or obese, seek advice from your veterinarian. They can provide expert guidance and support to develop a successful weight management plan tailored to your dog’s needs. By working together, you can help your furry friend achieve a healthier, happier life.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

References

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• “Obesity and Overweight.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/obesity-overweight.htm.
• Coren, Stanley, PhD, DSc, FRSC. “Overweight Pet Owners Are Likely to Have Overweight Dogs.” Psychology Today. July 24, 2019. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/canine-corner/201907/overweight-pet-owners-are-likely-have-overweight-dogs.
• Kealy, R.D., et al. “Effects of Diet Restriction on Life Span and Age-Related Changes in Dogs.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 220, no. 9 (May 2002): 1315–1320. https://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/abs/10.2460/javma.2002.220.1315.
• “Purina Study Confirms Link Between Body Fat and Chronic Health Conditions.” Purina. September 30, 2003.
• Zeltzman, Phil, DVM, DACVS, CVJ, and Rebecca A. Johnson, PhD, RN, FAAN. Walk a Hound, Lose a Pound: How You and Your Dog Can Lose Weight, Stay Fit and Have Fun Together. Purdue University Press. 2011. 49. https://books.google.com/books?id=Fh3ZJkUNPFcC&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false.
• Linder, Deborah, DVM, DACVN, “Top 5 Clinical Consequences of Obesity,” Clinician’s Brief 12, no. 2. (February 2014). http://www.cliniciansbrief.com/article/top-5-clinical-consequences-obesity.
• Williams, Krista, DVM, and Ernest Ward, DVM. “Creating a Weight Reduction Plan for Cats.” VCA Hospitals. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/creating-a-weight-reduction-plan-for-cats.
• “Obesity.” Cornell Feline Health Center of the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. 2016. https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/obesity.
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