How Minor Surgery Could Put Your Greyhound in Danger

You know that feeling when a missing a puzzle piece falls into place and suddenly everything makes sense?

This happened to me recently when I read about a bleeding disorder that affects sighthounds, especially Greyhounds.

Let's take a deeper look at what I uncovered.

Uneventful Surgery, Eventful Post-Surgery

Meet a rescue Greyhoundcalled Maisie. She was a typical thin-skinned girl who’d torn a hole in the skin over her hip. The wound had been sutured but had broken down. By the time I saw her, it was clear that a small skin flap was necessary to heal it.

The surgery went like a dream. The flap slid beautifully into place with no tension, and it looked great. All seemed well until Maisie got out of bedto go home.

Suddenly, the wound started to bleed. A drip, then a trickle and then a stream of bright-red blood following her across the floor. Nothing made sense. There’d been no bleeding during surgery, all the vessels were securely tied off and the bleeding started several hours later.

On the working diagnosis of a bleeding disorder

(an inability to clot blood), a pressure bandage was applied and Maisie was hospitalized until she was out of danger. The mystery deepened when her clotting panel came back normal, but the wound continued to seep for about 7–10 days.

Happily, Maisie made a full recovery, but it left me feeling uneasy about the big question: Why had she bled?

A Question Answered

Reading a veterinary journal earlier this week, I came across a case report of a Greyhound saluki crossthat sounded eerily like Maisie.

The dog had been involved in a minor fight and sustained unremarkable puncture wounds. But a few hours later, he started to bleed … and bleed … and ended up at a specialist for a blood transfusionand emergency IV therapy. This was the result of "hyperfibrinolysis syndrome" (yes, I know, a bit of a mouthful!).

Sighthound Bleeding Disorder

This problem means certain dogs are programmed to form weak blood clotsthat lack staying power. However, their clotting profiles come back normal (because it’s the ability to form clots that’s measured rather than the strength of the clot.)

The symptoms include: Delayed bleeding after minor surgery or a fight Dramatic skin bruising after a minor knock or tap Excessive blood loss from minor wounds

• Continued bleeding long after you’d expect it to stop

These dogs have high levels of a normally helpful enzyme, which breaks down blood clots. There are times when you do want blood clots to break up (such as in a stroke), and it’s all part of the natural healing and remodeling process.

However, too much clot buster and it’s a busted flush when it comes to stopping hemorrhage. And there’s no test that can reliably predict which dogs are affected.

An Interesting Theory

One theory about why sighthounds are affected is their athleticism. Greyhounds have unusually high numbers of red blood cellsto carry enough oxygen to supply those amazing bursts of speed. However, this means their blood is thicker than other dogs' and more prone to form micro-clots.

These micro-clots can clog up the kidneys and damage them, so blitzing them in a bizarre game of "Space Invaders" helps keep athletic types healthy. Presumably, this mechanism gets switched on at inappropriate times, leading to complications after surgery with dogs such as Maisie and others.

Treatment of Sighthound Clotting Disorder

Happily, the condition responds to a drug that knocks out excessive amounts of the clot-busting enzyme. This brings the dog back to normal. Better still, the drug has a wide safety margin, so there’s little danger of the disorder swinging the other way and causing strokes.

Currently, 2 drugs are being investigated: TEA: Tranexamic acid EACA: Epsilon aminocaproic acid

(Both TEA and EACA are related to the amino acid lysine.) Check out this beautiful, sweet Greyhound:

Prevention

So far, there has been no study about how to make sighthound surgery safer. However, one recommendation by Dhumeaux and Dor* is to give dogs TEA tablets for 2 days before and 7 days after surgery to reduce the risk.

If you have a sighthound, how do you feel about giving an unproven treatment prior to surgery on the off chance of post-operative bleeding? Let me know in the comments.

References

• *Dhumeaux, M., & Dor, C. Greyhound fibrinolysis syndrome: A breed-specific disorder. Pride Veterinary Center Hospital.
• Garcia et al. Postoperative bleeding in retired racing Greyhounds. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22:525-533.

This pet health content was written by a veterinarian, Dr. Pippa Elliott, BVMS, MRCVS. It was last reviewed May 12, 2017.