Understanding Canine Cognitive Dysfunction: Signs, Treatment, and Care

This pet health content was written by a veterinarian, Dr. Debora Lichtenberg, VMD. It was reviewed for accuracy by Dr. Pippa Elliott, BVMS, MRCVS, and was last updated on August 30, 2024

Supporting Your Senior Dog Through Canine Cognitive Dysfunction

Many of our pets are living longer lives — but with an aging body comes an aging brain. Senior pets need extra care to ensure they enjoy a good quality of life in their golden years. So, what can you do to help?

Here are a few strategies to support dogs suffering from canine cognitive dysfunction (CDS):

• New Diets: Specialized diets rich in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids can help maintain brain health and slow the progression of CDS.
• Supplements: Certain supplements, like SAMe (S-adenosylmethionine), have been shown to improve cognitive function in older dogs.
• Mental Stimulation: Engaging your dog with puzzles and interactive toys can help keep their brain active and sharp.
• Routine: Maintaining a consistent daily routine can reduce confusion and anxiety in dogs with CDS.

In this article, we’ll discuss more medical suggestions to help preserve your older dog's mental state and improve their quality of life with canine cognitive dysfunction.

What Is Canine Cognitive Dysfunction?

Canine cognitive dysfunction (CDS) is a progressive, age-related neurodegenerative disorder similar, but not identical, to Alzheimer’s disease in people.

Aging dogs experience cognitive decline in varying degrees, which can manifest in several ways:

• Reduced Spatial Memory: Aging dogs may struggle to remember locations or navigate familiar environments.
• Decline in Executive Function: Tasks that were once easy may become confusing or challenging.
• Concept Learning Difficulties: Older dogs may have a harder time learning new tricks or understanding new commands.

The impact of CDS varies, and how pet owners perceive and interact with their dog's declining mental health can be subjective and variable.

Interesting Fact: A recent study showed the age breakdown of older dogs affected by CDS: 8–10 years old: 3.4% 10–12 years old: 5% 12–14 years old: 23% Over 14 years old: 41%

For more insights on senior dog health needs, check out this article on aging dogs.

What Are the Symptoms of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction?

Recognizing the symptoms of canine cognitive dysfunction (CDS) is crucial for early intervention. A helpful way to assess your dog's condition is by using the acronym DISHAA, which stands for:

• Anxiety and Fear: New signs of anxiety, such as staring into corners, not being able to back out of a corner, or other new anxieties, are common. Learn more about these signs of fear and anxiety in dogs.
• Disorientation: Your dog may seem lost in familiar places or unable to navigate around obstacles.
• Interaction Changes: Altered interactions with people or other pets can be a sign of CDS.
• Sleep/Wake Cycles: Your dog may wake up in the middle of the night or sleep more during the day.
• House Soiling: Previously house-trained dogs may start having accidents indoors. For more insights on this, read about house soiling in senior dogs.
• Activity Changes: Reduced interest in activities they once enjoyed or repetitive behaviors may emerge.

Environmental Enrichment Strategies for Dogs with Canine Cognitive Dysfunction

In addition to medical interventions, environmental enrichment is crucial for managing canine cognitive dysfunction (CDS). Providing mental and physical stimulation can help slow the progression of CDS and improve your dog’s quality of life. Here are some strategies:

• Interactive Toys: Use puzzle toys or treat-dispensing toys to keep your dog engaged and mentally stimulated.
• Routine Exercise: Regular walks and playtime can help maintain your dog’s physical health and cognitive function.
• Social Interaction: Encourage interaction with other dogs and people to reduce isolation and maintain social skills.
• New Experiences: Introduce new smells, sounds, and sights during walks to stimulate your dog's senses and keep their brain active.
• Training Sessions: Even simple obedience training can reinforce mental sharpness and provide a sense of routine.

Medical Intervention Available for Canine Cognitive Dysfunction

There is no “cure” for canine dementia, but if you haven't consulted your vet yet, consider these medical interventions that may be recommended:

Diets and Supplements

As dogs and people age, they often suffer from age-related inflammation in the brain and a decreased ability to convert food and nutrients into essential brain energy.

Here are some medical interventions that may offer hope for dogs with canine cognitive dysfunction:

• Nutrient Blend: The NeuroCare diet also contains a blend of nutrients, including arginine, antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and B vitamins, all of which contribute to maintaining brain health in aging dogs.
• NeuroCare Diet: Developed by Purina Veterinary Diets, this diet may offer older dogs with CDS some new hope. A recent study showed that a majority of dogs with CDS exhibited improvement after 90 days of exclusively eating this diet. NeuroCare not only meets the nutritional needs of older dogs but also includes key ingredients designed to support brain health.
• MCTs (Medium-Chain Triglycerides): The NeuroCare diet includes MCTs, which produce ketones as an alternative energy source for the brain. MCTs have been shown to improve brain function in certain Alzheimer’s patients, suggesting their potential benefits for dogs with cognitive dysfunction as well.

Why Not Just Supplement MCTs for Canine Cognitive Dysfunction?

MCTs (Medium-Chain Triglycerides) are found in coconut oil, palm oil, and dairy. MCT oil is also available as a standalone supplement, and its claimed health benefits are numerous, including: Weight management Better brain function Improved metabolism and digestion Protection from bacterial and viral infections

So, why not just throw a scoop of coconut oil into old Roger’s food bowl? I wish it were that easy.

MCTs and supplements work best when they are part of a comprehensive nutritional plan. For instance, those of us who love pizza, pasta, or carbohydrates might wish we could load up each morning with MCT oil, antioxidants, omega-3s, and a few other supplements, and then head to McDonald’s for a breakfast sandwich and a deep-fried lunch. Unfortunately, supplements added to a poor diet or a diet that isn’t easily metabolized won’t be effective.

If advanced research can provide nutritionally balanced pet diets—where the rest of the ingredients don’t negate the benefits of MCTs, antioxidants, omega-3s, and other supplements—then I’m all for it. Most nutritionists agree that these diets work best when fed exclusively.

Medications for Canine Cognitive Dysfunction

Are there any real drugs that help with canine cognitive dysfunction (CDS)?

• L-Deprenyl (selegiline) is often used to prolong dopamine activity and break down free radicals in the brain. While it may show some improvement after several months, its effectiveness can be hit or miss, and the cost has risen due to market factors.
• Propentofylline may help alleviate dullness, lethargy, and depression in older dogs, making it a potential option for treating CDS symptoms. However, some find it simpler and more effective to manage symptoms with a diet their dog enjoys rather than relying heavily on medications.

Although there isn’t a single drug to "fix" CDS, several medications and supplements can help manage its symptoms: Neutricks: Supports brain health in aging dogs. Senilife: Aids in reducing cognitive decline. Melatonin: Helps regulate sleep patterns.

• Selegiline: Prolongs dopamine activity in the brain.
• Omega-3s: Supports overall cognitive function.
• SAMe: Provides liver support and aids in cognitive function.
• Novifit: Improves cognitive function in senior dogs.
• MCTs: An alternative energy source for the brain.
• Antioxidants: Protect brain cells from oxidative damage.

CDS patients may also require medications for concurrent diseases or specific symptoms like anxiety, sleep disturbances, or incontinence. Good research, though still in early stages, shows promise for “brain” diets, which are worth considering as part of a holistic treatment plan.

And remember, enrichment, stimulation, and love are among the best "medicines" you can give your dog with CDS.

Managing Anxiety and Sleep Disorders in Dogs with Canine Cognitive Dysfunction

Depending on the symptoms and severity of canine cognitive dysfunction (CDS), several drugs can help reduce anxiety and improve sleep:

• Trazodone: This medication is effective for pets who act like "nightstalkers," wandering or becoming restless in the middle of the night.
• Customized Medications: Other drugs can be tailored to address your pet’s specific geriatric cognitive issues.

However, it’s important to note that these medications, like all drugs, come with potential side effects and can be dangerous if used alongside other medications. Many geriatric dogs are already on treatments for various health issues, so it’s crucial to carefully discuss with your vet the use of medications for aging, pain, anxiety, and sleep disorders in your dog.

To get an idea of how this condition can affect a dog, watch this video of a 16-year-old terrier named Cricket:

The Importance of Regular Veterinary Check-Ups for Senior Dogs

Regular veterinary check-ups are vital for dogs with canine cognitive dysfunction (CDS), as early detection and ongoing management can significantly impact their quality of life. These check-ups allow your vet to:

• Monitor Progression: Track the progression of CDS and adjust treatment plans as needed.
• Identify New Symptoms: Catch any new symptoms or related health issues early, which is crucial for timely intervention.
• Evaluate Medication: Assess the effectiveness of current medications and make necessary adjustments to improve outcomes.
• Nutritional Guidance: Provide advice on specialized diets and supplements that may benefit your dog's cognitive health.
• Preventive Care: Address any concurrent health issues that may arise, ensuring a holistic approach to your dog's well-being.

Bottom Line: Quality of Life in Canine Cognitive Dysfunction

Watching a beloved dog struggle with canine cognitive dysfunction (CDS) is heartbreaking. Ultimately, it’s about quality of life—for both your dog and you.

Key concerns often include anxiety and loss of house-training. What’s "acceptable" or "doable" is a personal decision, best made in consultation with your vet. Common questions to consider: Is your dog still enjoying life? Are you comfortable with his quality of life? Is living with anxiety or turmoil fair to him?

There are no right or wrong answers. Trust your instincts, and you'll make the best decision for both of you. For more guidance, see this quality-of-life guide.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Reference

• Landsberg, G. "Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome: What’s New on Diagnosis and Management?" Clinician’s Brief. April 2017.
• “Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome.” Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/cognitive-dysfunction-syndrome
• “Dog Dementia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Life Expectancy.” PetMD. https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/neurological/dog-dementia
• “Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome in Dogs: A Disease of Canine Brain Aging.” National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6943310/
• “Behavior Counseling for Senior Pets: Cognitive Dysfunction.” VCA Hospitals. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/behavior-counseling-senior-pet-cognitive-dysfunction